South Sudan
SPLA Battles Against SAF: Complete Timeline of Commanders & Towns (1983-2005)

SPLA Battles Against SAF: Complete Timeline of Towns, Commanders & Turning Points (1983-2005)
Published 28 April 2025 – South Sudan Online, Juba
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- Overview of the Second Sudanese Civil War
- Key SPLA Victories (1989-2005)
- Minor Battles That Shaped the Frontlines
- Internal SPLA Splits & Factional Conflicts
- Western Equatoria Campaign
- Legacy: How Battlefield Wins Led to Independence
Overview of the Second Sudanese Civil War
SPLA battles against SAF defined the 22-year war that culminated in South Sudan’s statehood. From the first skirmish at Bor in 1983 to the peaceful entry into Juba in 2005, SPLA guerrillas turned captured towns into milestones on the road to freedom. Below is the most comprehensive timeline of major and minor engagements—towns taken, commanders involved and pivotal years.
Key SPLA Victories (1989-2005)
1. Battle of Kurmuk (1989, 1997)
- Town: Kurmuk, Blue Nile State
- Commanders: Kuol Deim Kuol (1989); later Yasir Arman & Abdel-Aziz al-Hilu (1997)
- Impact: Opened a northern front and severed SAF’s eastern supply corridor.
2. Capture of Torit (Sept 1989)
- Commander: Lt Gen Salva Kiir Mayardit
- Torit’s brief fall electrified Equatoria and forced SAF into costly counter-offensives.
3. Battle of Bor (1991)
- Commander: Dr Riek Machar (SPLA-Nasir)
- Marked the devastating ethnic split inside SPLA, later healed during post-war reconciliation.
4. Capture of Kapoeta (1992)
- Commander: Lt Gen James Hoth Mai
- Secured the vital Kenya logistics corridor for aid and ammunition.
5. Yei “Small London” Offensive (1997)
- Commander: Maj Gen Oyai Deng Ajak
- Yei became an SPLA civil-administration model town.
6. Rumbek Lightning Raid (1997)
- Commander: Lt Gen Paul Malong Awan
- Provided an airstrip and political HQ that anchored SPLA diplomacy.
7. Siege of Juba (1992-2005)
- Commanders: Salva Kiir, Oyay Deng Ajak (multiple phases)
- Sustained pressure isolated SAF until the city entered the CPA framework and changed hands peacefully.
8. Capture of Malakal (1997)
- Commander: Maj Gen George Athor Deng
- Temporarily halted Khartoum’s oil export revenue stream.
9. Wau Twin-Axis Assault (1998)
- Commanders: James Ajongo Mawut & Pieng Deng Majok
- Pushed SAF westward, foreshadowing the collapse of its Bahr el Ghazal front.
10. Gogrial “Triangle” Campaign (1999)
- Commander: Anyar Mayol
- Cut the Wau–Aweil supply line and protected displaced civilians.
11. Battle of Nimule (2002)
- Commander: Brig Gen Obuto Mamur Mete
- Denied SAF access to the Uganda border, cementing SPLA logistics superiority.
12. Aweil Final Push (2004)
- Commander: Salva Kiir
- Secured northern Bahr el Ghazal in advance of the Naivasha peace talks.
13. CPA Entry into Juba (July 2005)
- Commanders: Oyay Deng Ajak & Kuol Manyang Juuk
- Symbolised victory of diplomacy: SPLA troops marched in under UN supervision.
Minor Battles That Shaped the Frontlines
Smaller engagements—Pochalla defence (1984), Yirol clashes (1986-87), Mangayat ambush (1988)—proved decisive in denying SAF mobility. Raids on Renk (1990) and Bentiu oilfields (1997-98) targeted Khartoum’s economic lifeline, while Paul Malong’s 1995 Aweil ambush isolated SAF garrisons in the north-west.
Internal SPLA Splits & Factional Conflicts (1991-2002)
The 1991 Nasir Declaration triggered painful intra-SPLA battles at Panyagoor, Ayod, Waat and Fangak. Concurrent rebellions—Kerubino Kuanyin Bol in Mapel (1992), William Nyuon in Akobo (1993), and Gordon Kong’s militia (1994-95)—stretched SPLA defences but also honed its decentralised command system.
Western Equatoria Campaign (1990-1994)
Securing Yambio, Maridi, Tambura and Mundri opened the “Equatorian link” to Central Africa. Commanders James Hoth Mai, Salva Kiir and Oyai Deng built rear bases, trained thousands, and broadened SPLA’s diplomatic reach.
Legacy: How Battlefield Wins Led to Independence
By 2003 SPLA controlled or contested most of southern Sudan, shifting the balance that led to the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Six years later, South Sudan became the world’s newest nation—its freedom etched town by town on the war map.
South Sudan
SPLA Day: Sarah Nyanath Urges Reinvigoration of Founding Principles

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Sarah Nyanath Calls for Unity in South Sudan
“This day is a living testament to our people’s unwavering resolve and the enduring pursuit of freedom, justice, and equality,” declared Sarah Nyanath, a prominent civil society activist and the Executive Director for Gender Equality South Sudan Organisation, as she commemorated the 42nd anniversary of the SPLM/A’s founding. Standing on the grounds of historical struggles, Nyanath, a former Red Army and Girls’ Battalion member, issued a powerful call for national unity and a return to the foundational values that she believes are crucial for South Sudan’s prosperity.
In her address in Juba, Central Equatoria, Nyanath honored the sacrifices of those who fell during the liberation struggle, urging leaders and citizens to adhere to the movement’s core principles of freedom, justice, equality, and the rule of law.
Her speech highlighted the significant roles played by women and the youth during the liberation efforts, notably recalling the over 600 children, including more than 60 girls, sent to Cuba for training to become the future builders of the nation. “These young pioneers, molded by adversity, were torchbearers of our nation’s future,” she remarked, emphasizing the importance of preserving the legacy of those struggles through continued service and unity.
Tribute to Family and the Red Army
Nyanath also took a moment to reflect on her personal ties to the liberation movement, acknowledging her father, Elijah Yong Kier, and her family’s pivotal role from the Anya-Nya movements to the formation of the SPLM/A. “Our family stood at the crossroads of history, steadfast in the cause of liberation,” she stated, underscoring the deep personal and collective sacrifices that shaped the country’s path to independence.
Further, she paid special tribute to her fellow Red Army members and the Girls’ Battalions, highlighting their courage and sacrifice as a beacon for future generations.
Acknowledging Leadership and International Allies
President Salva Kiir Mayardit and his leadership team were recognized for their roles in achieving South Sudan’s independence in 2011. “I recognize with deep gratitude the pivotal role played by our Commander-in-Chief… who midwifed our independence,” Nyanath expressed, pointing to a historic juncture that fulfilled the dreams of millions.
She extended her appreciation to SPLM/A comrades from the regions of Abyei, Nuba Mountains, and Southern Blue Nile, as well as regional and international allies who supported South Sudan through its challenging journey from war to peace.
In remembering the over 2.5 million lives lost in the quest for liberation, Nyanath reiterated the importance of upholding the SPLM/A’s core values and continuing the mission of nation-building. “Compared to the ultimate sacrifice of our fallen heroes and heroines, our service is a lighter burden, but a sacred duty,” she emphasized, highlighting the ongoing responsibilities of all South Sudanese.
She concluded her statement with a rallying cry for renewal and commitment, especially among the youth and those who lived through the liberation struggles, to build a nation where “liberty, dignity, and prosperity are the birthright of all.”
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South Sudan
South Sudan Peace Efforts Bolstered by UK’s Renewed Support

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UK Embassy Remains Open in South Sudan
By William Maduok and James Chatim
“The British embassy will remain in Juba,” declared Ambassador David Ashley during a press conference in South Sudan’s capital, reinforcing the UK’s dedication to supporting peace and development in the region.
While recent months have seen a spate of embassy closures from Western nations like Norway and Germany, citing increasing security concerns, the UK stands firm in its commitment. This decision underscores a profound and enduring bond between the UK and South Sudan, which has been nurtured since the country’s struggle for independence.
Ashley highlighted the UK’s historical and ongoing contributions, noting that the country has injected over $2.2 billion into South Sudanese development, targeting essential areas such as health, education, and humanitarian aid. “Our mission here is simple: to support peace and development so that the people of South Sudan can enjoy the fruits of their very hard-won independence,” Ashley emphasised.
The ambassador’s reassurance comes at a critical time when the international community’s faith in South Sudan’s stability appears wavering. Last month, the Netherlands announced a reorganization of its diplomatic network, which included the closure of its Juba embassy, as part of a broader effort to cut costs in response to shifting geopolitical dynamics and budget constraints.
Foreign Affairs Minister Caspar Veldkamp of the Netherlands detailed in a communication to the President of the House of Representatives, explaining that the restructuring aims to slash the mission network’s budget by 10%. This strategic realignment reflects a global trend of diplomatic consolidation in response to financial pressures and changing international priorities.
However, the UK’s decision to maintain its diplomatic presence in Juba is more than a policy choice—it is a statement of solidarity. As the former colonial power in what was then southern Sudan, the UK’s ongoing involvement is pivotal. “I confirm to His Excellency, the President, that the British Embassy will stay and will continue its support to the South Sudanese people,” affirmed Ambassador Ashley.
This commitment from the UK could serve as a beacon of hope for South Sudan, suggesting a sustained international interest in its post-conflict recovery and development. Despite the global financial challenges that have led others to retreat, the UK’s pledge to remain might encourage other nations to reconsider their presence and support in South Sudan.
As countries around the world recalibrate their foreign policies and international aid strategies, the resilience of diplomatic relationships like that between the UK and South Sudan will be crucial in shaping the geopolitical landscape of East Africa. The UK’s steadfast support not only reaffirms a historical bond but also exemplifies a commitment to fostering international stability and humanitarian progress.
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South Sudan
Machar’s Vice Presidency Hinges on Investigative Outcomes, Makuei Reports

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Machar’s Future as First Vice President Depends on Investigators’ Findings, Says Makuei
In a statement that rippled through the corridors of power in Juba, South Sudan’s Minister of Information, Michael Makuei, has unequivocally stated that the future of First Vice President Riek Machar hinges on the outcomes of ongoing investigations into alleged administrative and financial misconduct. This announcement casts a shadow of uncertainty over one of the nation’s most prominent political figures.
The inquiries, initiated in early September, probe into accusations that Machar and several associates mismanaged public funds and abused their power, claims that have stirred significant controversy in South Sudan’s fragile political landscape. Machar, a pivotal figure in the country’s journey towards peace and stability, denies all allegations, asserting his commitment to the nation’s development and the integrity of its institutions.
Political Implications of the Investigation
The political stakes are high. Machar, who has been a central figure in South Sudan’s tumultuous political arena, currently holds a critical role in the transitional government formed as part of the 2018 peace agreement. This agreement, intended to end years of civil war, positions him as a key player in steering the nation towards elections slated for 2024. The outcome of the investigations could not only shake Machar’s political career but also have profound implications for the peace process itself.
According to political analyst John Garang, “The implications of these investigations are far-reaching. If Machar is found culpable, it could lead to a significant reshuffling of the current government and potentially destabilize the precariously held peace.” The concerns highlight the delicate balance of power and the fragile alliances that define South Sudan’s political framework.
The Nature of the Allegations
The specifics of the allegations against Machar include the diversion of public funds allocated for development projects, which were reportedly channeled into private accounts linked to his office. Additionally, there are accusations related to the procurement processes, where it’s alleged that contracts were awarded to close associates and family members, bypassing official protocols.
These claims have not only jeopardized Machar’s position but have also triggered wider concerns about corruption and governance in South Sudan, a nation still in the throes of rebuilding after years of conflict. Transparency International consistently ranks South Sudan among the most corrupt nations globally, a situation that undermines public trust and hampers effective governance.
In response to the allegations, the government has set up an independent commission, chaired by a respected judge from the South Sudanese High Court, tasked with investigating these claims thoroughly and impartially. The commission is expected to present its findings by the end of the year.
The international community, particularly donors and organizations invested in South Sudan’s recovery, watches closely. A diplomat from the European Union, speaking on condition of anonymity, expressed concern: “Stability in South Sudan is crucial, not just for the region but for the entire international community that has invested heavily in the peace process. The integrity of its leaders plays a pivotal role in maintaining that stability.”
Meanwhile, supporters of Machar remain firm, organizing rallies and public gatherings to decry what they perceive as a politically motivated witch-hunt designed to weaken Machar’s influence. “Dr. Machar has dedicated his life to the people of South Sudan,” said Nyarai Machar, a supporter from his political party. “These allegations are baseless and are aimed at disrupting our path to a peaceful and prosperous South Sudan.”
As the nation awaits the commission’s report, the atmosphere is tense with speculation and the potential for political fallout. The findings could either exonerate Machar and restore his standing or cast long shadows on his career and the broader political dynamics of South Sudan.
In the meantime, the citizens of South Sudan remain hopeful yet cautious, aware that the stability of their nation and the effectiveness of their government hinge not just on the integrity of individuals, but on the strength of institutions capable of withstanding the tests of transparency and accountability.
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